Category: Harada Fumiko

Rakugo Tenugui by Harada Fumiko: The Edo Storytelling Tradition in Your Pocket

Design Harada Fumiko Textiles

Tenugui by Harada Fumiko in our shop ->

Kabuki is one of Japan’s most well-known arts around the world, but rakugo, the traditional Japanese performing art of comic storytelling, is probably the least known outside Japan. Inevitably so, because humor is so challenging to translate into other cultures and languages, and I know this firsthand because I have often attempted to bridge this gap myself. Which is why I’m very pleased to introduce a new tenugui design by Harada Fumiko that allows me to give you a small glimpse into the world of Edo-rakugo.

Edo-rakugo tenugui by Harada Fumiko

In rakugo, the performer sits on a cushion on stage and tells a funny story to the audience by using minimal props, namely a fan and a tenugui. The origins of this art form can be traced to the mid-Edo period (1603-1868), and by the end of 1700s, there were regular rakugo performances attended by ordinary people at venues in Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto.

Only Edo (Tokyo) and Kamigata (Osaka) styles of rakugo currently remain, and while some performers specialize in telling classic stories that were first recited during the Edo period, others create new comic stories and perform them on stage. Classic Edo-rakugo is told in sharp downtown Tokyo dialect called beranme (pronounced like bay-run-may), the language of the working class, which is similar in connotation to the Cockney accent of East London. You can also find examples of Tokyo dialect spoken on screen by the famous Tora-san, and more recently by ‘Master’, the popular chef protagonist in Midnight Diner on Netflix.

If you hang around the old shops in Asakusa, you will be able to meet people who speak in classic Tokyo downtown dialect.

And if you have traveled to Japan, you may have noticed that Japanese people love puns and often tell the same jokes. This is because puns and repetition are important Japanese humor traditions and therefore they are prominent in rakugo. The punchline is called ochi, which means “the drop”, and this is why it is called raku (drop) go (words). People enjoy great rakugo performers telling the same story even if they all know the punchline because how well the story is told is the most important part of a rakugo performance. Even young Japanese children know the classic rakugo tales like “manju kowai (I’m scared of manju).” 

You can watch an English version of “manju kowai” performed by Matthew Barbee in this YouTube video.

In rakugo, a single storyteller sits in the seiza position on stage and plays multiple characters by changing the tone of their voice. Photo courtesy of my high school friend Agatsuma Yasuhide whose hobby is performing rakugo. Storytelling is an art form that requires many years of training.

Harada-san designed the rakugo tenugui to commemorate the promotion of a Edo-rakugo storyteller, Daidokoro Osan, to the master level called shin’uchi. Rakugo performers have strange names and his means “Kitchen Osan.”

Appropriately, the storyteller depicted in the tenugui is an iron-pot yokai monster performing in front of other familiar kitchen utensil monsters. The yokai is reciting the well-known classic tale of “tokisoba,” which can be literally translated as “time soba,” about a man taking advantage of a soba hawker who flourished during the Edo-period. The highlight of this story is the spectacular soba slurping using a fan as chopsticks.

You can watch an English version of “tokisoba” told by Kimie Oshima in this YouTube video.

Kitchen utensils like iron pots, tokkuri bottles, coopered cypress rice containers, and grinding bowls used to be very popular in the past, but not so much now.

The art of soba eating is also worth a brief digression because soba is Tokyo’s original and quintessential fast food. It also has a special place in my heart and stomach because my grandparents used to have a soba shop in Tokyo. San Diego has many good Japanese restaurants, but I have yet to find a good soba shop here. If you know one, please Email me.

In Tokisoba, the soba is topped with hanamaki (roasted seaweed) and chikuwa (fish cake). I never had soba with these toppings but it was delicious when I tried it.

Soba makes me very nostalgic about Tokyo. I often think back to the times when many of my uncles and aunts were still alive and we all gathered to have soba. They inhaled soba with spectacular slurping sounds like in the rakugo, because they said that soba had to be enjoyed “as it passes the throat,” and it was “unappetizing” to eat soba quietly.

In recent years, with an increasing number of tourists visiting Japan, there has been abundant coverage in the Japanese media about whether the slurping sound of noodles being consumed was offensive to foreign ears.  But I will tell you that when I hear a great rakugo performer like Yanagiya Kosan V (1915-2002) slurp soba and tell the story of Tokisoba in his rhythmic and down-to-earth Tokyo dialect, I sure crave a good bowl of soba and miss Tokyo very much.

If you understand even a little Japanese, I highly recommend listening to Tokisoba performed by Yanagiya Kosan V, the Japanese Living National Treasure. You can hear it on YouTube by clicking here.

From Edo to Glasgow and Back: Harada Fumiko’s Journey into the Universality of Design

Design Harada Fumiko

Tokyo tenugui designed by Harada Fumiko in our shop ->

Why do some designs appeal universally? This most vexing of questions is often on the mind of Japanese artist Harada Fumiko as she creates her textile designs. Her answer can be found in the bold patterns and beautiful colors featuring a diverse variety of subjects that are central to her work.

Tokyo Tenugui designed by Harada Fumiko depicting a wedding between a cat and goldfish. This tenugui was created in homage to the great ukiyo-e master Utagawa Kuniyoshi who is known for covering many genres including a group of prints that feature cats.
Tokyo Tenugui designed by Harada Fumiko depicting a wedding between a cat and a goldfish. This tenugui was created in homage to the great ukiyo-e master Utagawa Kuniyoshi who is known for covering many genres, including a group of prints featuring cats.

Harada-san says that, “there are variations in the sensibilities of different generations and cultures, but designs that appeal to the hearts of many are universal”. Her designs are full of allegorical references to culture and traditions mixed with humor and wit. They are reminiscent of the works by the masters of Edo period ukiyo-e or woodblock prints that continue to enchant people across borders and generations. Harada-san calls her brand ‘Play on Words,’ which is synonymous to her style of work.

Goldfish shopping
Tokyo Tenugui by Harada Fumiko is full of word play and wit. In this motif, the goldfish is shopping for umbrellas from a bat and jewelry from a swallow. The first western style umbrellas brought to Japan were called “bat umbrellas” because of their similarities in shape. The swallow with jewelry is a reference to Oscar Wilde’s “The Happy Prince” story.

Harada-san has loved textiles from a young age. She was fascinated by how designs and texture on fabric showed different expressions from paper. In her late teens, she spent all her money from a part time job buying second-hand vintage kimonos dating from the early 20th Century. “Luckily I was short and so all the old kimonos fitted me perfectly,” she chuckles looking back at her atypical adolescence.

Her early passion turned into the desire to study and learn about textiles and designs. She was especially impressed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, a Scottish architect and designer, whose work was featured at an exhibition in Tokyo that she went to see. “I was very attracted to his attitude which valued craft.” Harada-san eventually decided to study textile design at the Glasgow School of Art, whose main building was designed by Mackintosh and was the center of the Arts and Crafts Movement in Scotland in the late 1880s and 1890s.

The Mackintosh building of Glasgow School of Art. It was completed in 1909. It survived a fire in 2014 and is considered to be Mackintosh's masterpiece.
The Mackintosh building of Glasgow School of Art was completed in 1909 and survived a major fire in 2014. The building is considered to be Mackintosh’s masterpiece. It had housed artists for over a century and continues to do so, true to the purpose of what Mackintosh designed it to be. Photo courtesy of Harada Fumiko

“I chose the Glasgow School of Art because it offered a project-based curriculum, rather than the technique-based style of classes taught at Japanese universities,” she explains. She also felt that the British curriculum was more suited to her approach, which was to be able to create what she envisioned while considering the advantages and disadvantages of both handcraft and machines. Industrialization and the demise of handcraft had occurred much earlier in Britain than in Japan, so the British curriculum helped her consider and balance these aspects.

One of the current projects of this globally minded artist is the design of tenugui, the all-purpose Japanese cotton towel that became popular among ordinary people during the Edo period. Tenugui are still very popular in Japan today and people use them for a variety of purposes, such as dishtowels, potholders, and even as head-covers, a tradition that started in Edo.

Tenugui
In this ukiyo-e, a girl prepares to cook a herbal porridge for the new year by putting on a Tenugui over her head. Ukiyo-e by Utagawa Toyokuni II 1844 春遊娘七草　二代目歌川豊国

The technique used to create tenugui is called chusen, which is a relatively new method devised in the early 20th century to dye about 20-25 sheets of fabric at the same time. In chusen, a stencil is used to apply a ‘resist’ to each of the approximately two-dozen layers of fabric that are folded and stacked on a vacuum table. The dyer then uses glue on the top layer to create barriers to separate different colors of dyes. Finally, the dyes are poured from the top and pulled through the layers using vacuum pressure that creates identical patterns on both sides of the fabric.

Iseyasu chusen
Iseyasu Chusen Factory in Edogawa-ward on the eastern edge of Tokyo where all of Harada-san’s tenugui are dyed. Photo courtesy of Harada Fumiko

“I’m attracted to the fun of designing in a limited space (tenugui are approximately 13 inches wide and 35 inches long) and the beautiful effects of blurring”, Harada-san explains. In many other types of dyeing, color is applied or printed onto the surface of a fabric leaving a crisp design. Chusen, however, drenches the fabric’s fibers in dye, leaving room for the colors to mix and the edges to blur into a very appealing effect. Although mostly a manual process, Chusen provides just the right amount of mechanical aid to lessen the labor intensity while providing room for the craftsmanship to shine.

Harada-san draws by hand
Harada-san draws each design by hand (left), which is then carved into a stencil by a craftsman (right) Photo courtesy of Harada Fumiko

Harada-san draws each design by hand, which is then carved by a craftsman into a stencil. “Too much detail cannot be expressed in chusen, so I adjust the design before the stencil is created”, she points out.

The greatest appeal of chusen is that it is a collaborative process between the designer and the craftsman. In her giga choju tenugui, which was created in homage to choju giga, the oldest animal caricatures from the 12th-13th Centuries found at Kosanji temple,  Harada-san explained to the craftsman that she wanted to express the galaxy and attached photos from NASA to illustrate this idea. The craftsman created the different shades of blue, together with just the right amount of purple and moss green and the galaxy was expressed beautifully.

Giga-Choju Tokyo Tenugui
Giga choju Tokyo Tenugui designed by Harada Fumiko in homage to choju giga, the oldest animal caricatures from the 12th-13th Centuries found at Kosanji temple. It is a play on the Japanese word ‘ginga’, which means galaxy. The craftsman mixed different colors to express the galaxy to great effect.

Harada-san recently started printing designs on larger fabrics and hopes to broaden her textile design opportunities into a wider range of materials in the future. She also hopes to expand her corporate branding design work in which she effectively uses modern design while referencing the tradition and history of the company.

We are very pleased to be able to introduce Harada Fumiko and bring her beautiful work to the U.S. for the first time. I’m sure the Glaswegians are proudly saying “gaun yersel!” to this talented Japanese artist.